ABSTRACT Background: Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies showed inconsistent results for comparison between bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy controls (HC). Methods: An anatomic likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis was used to explore the key regions of brain pathology in BD with different current mood states. Results: Depressed BD patients showed reduced regional homogeneity (ReHo) in the left claustrum and the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG), compared to HC. BD patients with mixed mood status showed decreased fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF) in the right cerebellar tonsil, the bilateral MFG and the right superior frontal gyrus, compared to HC. Additionally, BD patients with mixed mood status showed increased fALFF in the right inferior occipital gyrus, the right culmen and the left lentiform nucleus, compared to HC. BD patients with mixed mood status showed decreased functional connectivity (FC) in the bilateral cerebellar tonsil, compared to HC. Conclusion: In the present study, key regions undergoing functional deficits in BD patients with different current mood states were obtained with the ALE meta-analysis. In addition, deficits in these regions in fMRI studies might work as biomarkers for early diagnosis of BD.

Abstract Climate change represents a vital challenge in foxtail millet (Panicum italicum L.) production for assuring development of foxtail millet and obtaining high yields in semi-arid and arid regions of China. The objective of this study was to show the impact of climate change on water use efficiency (WUE) of foxtail millet in dry-land areas of China. The study included yield of foxtail millet, soil water content, rainfall, and temperature data of three experimental sites between 1978 and 2007. All data was provided by the meteorological and agricultural administration centers of every location. The results showed that in Pingliang, Yulin, and Huhehot accumulated temperatures increased by 502, 541, and 857 °C; rainfall decreased by 75.0, 84.3, and 162.5 mm; WUE of foxtail millet increased by about 0.3 kg ha-1 mm-1 when accumulated temperature increased by 100 °C; rainfall decreased by 100 mm, which increased WUE of foxtail millet by about 1.2 kg ha-1 mm-1. Coefficient of variation (CV) of accumulated temperature and CV of rainfall in Pingliang, Yulin, and Huhehot increased as latitudes of these locations moved up. Average WUE of foxtail millet in these locations increased when CV of accumulated temperature or CV of rainfall moved up. These results indicate that WUE of foxtail millet had an improvement due to climate warming and decreasing rainfall between 1978 and 2007.

Resumen El cambio climático representa un desafío vital en la producción de mijo cola de zorro (Panicum italicum L.), para asegurar su desarrollo y obtener rendimientos altos, en las regiones semiáridas y áridas de China. El objetivo de este estudio fue mostrar el impacto del cambio climático en la eficiencia en el uso del agua (EUA) de mijo cola de zorro en zonas de secano de China. El estudio incluyó el rendimiento de mijo cola de zorro, el contenido de agua del suelo, la precipitación y los datos de temperatura de tres sitios experimentales de 1978 a 2007. Los datos fueron proporcionados por los centros de administración meteorológicos y agrícolas de cada lugar. Los resultados mostraron que en Pingliang, Yulin y Huhehot las temperaturas acumuladas aumentaron en 502, 541 y 857 °C; la precipitación disminuyó 75.0, 84.3 y 162.5 mm, la EUA de mijo cola de zorro aumentó cerca de 0.3 kg ha-1 mm-1 cuando la temperatura acumulada aumentó 100 °C, la precipitación disminuyó 100 mm lo que aumentó cerca de 1.2 kg ha-1 mm-1 la EUA del mijo cola de zorro. El coeficiente de variación de la temperatura acumulada y de la precipitación en Pingliang, Yulin y Huhehot aumentó con la latitud de estos lugares. En estos lugares, la EUA promedio del mijo cola de zorro aumentó cuando el CV de la temperatura acumulada o de la precipitación acumulada incrementó. Estos resultados indican que el uso eficiente del agua del mijo mejoró debido al calentamiento global y la disminución de las lluvias de 1978 a 2007.

This study explored the reduction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in L-02 hepatocytes by hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) using chi-square analysis. Cells were treated with 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 μM Cr(VI) for 12, 24, or 36 h. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) experiments and measurements of intracellular ATP levels were performed by spectrophotometry or bioluminescence assays following Cr(VI) treatment. The chi-square test was used to determine the difference between cell survival rate and ATP levels. For the chi-square analysis, the results of the MTT or ATP experiments were transformed into a relative ratio with respect to the control (%). The relative ATP levels increased at 12 h, decreased at 24 h, and increased slightly again at 36 h following 4, 8, 16, 32 μM Cr(VI) treatment, corresponding to a "V-shaped" curve. Furthermore, the results of the chi-square analysis demonstrated a significant difference of the ATP level in the 32-μM Cr(VI) group (P < 0.05). The results suggest that the chi-square test can be applied to analyze the interference effects of Cr(VI) on ATP levels in L-02 hepatocytes. The decreased ATP levels at 24 h indicated disruption of mitochondrial energy metabolism and the slight increase of ATP levels at 36 h indicated partial recovery of mitochondrial function or activated glycolysis in L-02 hepatocytes.